Erken dönem giyimi hakkında bilinenlerin çoğu, çok az kanıt ve iyi tahminlerden oluşan bir yama işidir. Yalnızca çok eski dönemlere ait giysi parçaları hayatta kaldı; bu nedenle arkeologlar, ilk dönem giysilerinin resmini geliştirmek için mağara çizimlerine, oyulmuş figürlere ve fosilleşmiş çamur zemininde birbirine dikilmiş deri izleri gibi şeylere güvendiler. 5.300 yıl önce İtalya sınırına yakın Avusturya dağlarında ölen bir adamın kalıntılarının bulunması, bu arkeologların keşfettiklerinin çoğunun doğrulanmasına yardımcı oldu. Bu erkek avcının cesedi beş bin yıldan fazla bir süredir buzun içinde muhafaza edilmişti ve giysisinin pek çok parçası hayatta kalmıştı. Arkeologlar onun giysilerini bir araya getirdiler ve buz adamının karmaşık bir kıyafet giydiğini buldular. Özenle dikilmiş tayt bacaklarının alt kısmını kaplıyordu ve cinsel organlarının ve kalçasının etrafına ince deri bir peştamal sarılmıştı. Adam vücudunun üzerinde neredeyse dizlerine kadar uzanan uzun kollu bir kürk manto giyiyordu. Ceket, kürk dışarıda olacak şekilde birçok kürk parçasından dikildi. Muhtemelen bir çeşit kemerle yakın tutulmuştu. Adam muhtemelen ayaklarını karda sıcak tutmak için ayaklarına hayvan derisinden yapılmış, deriyle dikilmiş ve içi çimle doldurulmuş kısa çizmeler giyiyordu. Adamın başına kalın kürkten basit bir başlık takılmıştı. Avusturya'da keşfedilen buz adam, ilk Cro-Magnon adamından çok daha sonra ortaya çıkmış olsa da, giysisinin yapılma şekli, ilk giyimin temel tekniklerini ve malzemelerini doğruluyordu. Ancak zamanın tahribatı, ilk insanın kıyafetlerine dair en doğrudan kanıtları yok etti.
DAHA FAZLA BİLGİ İÇİN
Corbishley, Mike. Tarih Öncesi İnsanlar Hakkında Ne Biliyoruz? New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1994. Fowler, Brenda. Buz Adam: Alp Buzulu'nda Bulunan Tarih Öncesi Bir Adamın Yaşamını ve Zamanlarını Ortaya Çıkarmak. New York: Random House, 2000. Goode, Ruth. Buz Devri'nin insanları. New York: Crowell-Collier Press, 1973. Hawkes, Jacquetta. İlk İnsan Atlası. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976.
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The first known humans to make clothing, Neanderthal man, survived from about 200,000 B.C.E. to about 30,000 B.C.E. During this time the earth’s temperature rose and fell dramatically, creating a series of ice ages throughout the northern areas of Europe and Asia where Neanderthal man lived. With their compact, muscular bodies that conserved body heat, Neanderthals were well adapted to the cold climate of their day. But it was their large brain that served them best. Neanderthal man learned to make crude but effective tools from stone. Tools such as spears and axes made Neanderthals strong hunters, and they hunted the hairy mammoths, bears, deer, musk oxen, and other mammals that shared their environment. At some point, Neanderthals learned how to use the thick, furry hides from these animals to keep themselves warm and dry. With this discovery, clothing was born. Evidence of the very first clothing is mostly indirect. Archeologists (scientists who study the fossil and material remnants of past life) discovered chipped rock scrapers that they believe were used to scrape meat from animal hides. These date to about 100,000 B.C.E. Archeologists believe that these early humans cut the hides into shapes they liked, making holes for the head and perhaps the arms, and draped the furs over their bodies. Soon their methods likely grew more sophisticated. They may have used thin strips of hide to tie the furs about themselves, perhaps in the way that belts are used today. Cro-Magnon man, considered the next stage in human development, emerged around forty thousand years ago and made advances in the clothing of the Neanderthals. The smarter CroMagnon people learned how to make fire and cook food, and they developed finer, more efficient tools. Sharp awls, or pointed tools, were used to punch small holes in animal skins, which were laced together with hide string. In this way they probably developed the earliest coverings for the body, legs, head, and feet. It is thought that the first assembled piece of clothing was the tunic. A tunic is made from two pieces of rectangular animal hide bound together on one short side with a hole left for the head. This rough garment was placed over the head and the stitched length lay on the shoulders, with the remainder hanging down. The arms stuck through the open sides, and the garment was either closed with a belt or additional ties were placed at the sides to hold the garment on the body. This tunic was the ancestor of the shirt. One of the most important Cro-Magnon inventions was the needle. Needles were made out of slivers of animal bone; they were sharpened to a point at one end and had an eye at the other end. With a needle, Cro-Magnon man could sew carefully cut pieces of fur into better fitting garments. Evidence suggests that CroMagnon people developed close-fitting pants and shirts that would protect them from the cold, as well as shawls, hoods, and long boots. Because they had not learned how to tan hides to soften them, the animal skin would have been stiff at first, but with repeated wearings it would become very soft and comfortable. Jacquetta Hawkes, author of The Atlas of Early Man, believes that Cro-Magnon clothes approached those of modern Eskimos in their excellence of construction.
Much of what is known about early clothing is a patchwork of very little evidence and good guesses. Only fragments of very early clothing have survived, so archeologists have relied on cave drawings, carved figures, and such things as the imprint of stitchedtogether skins in a fossilized mud floor to develop their picture of early clothing. The discovery of the remains of a man who died 5,300 years ago in the mountains of Austria, near the border with Italy, helped confirm much of what these archeologists had discovered. The body of this male hunter had been preserved in ice for over five thousand years, and many fragments of his clothing had survived. Archeologists pieced together his garments, and they found that the iceman, as he became known, wore a complex outfit. Carefully sewn leggings covered his lower legs, and a thin leather loincloth was wrapped around his genitals and buttocks. Over his body the man wore a long-sleeved fur coat that extended nearly to his knees. The coat was sewn from many pieces of fur, with the fur on the outside. It was likely held close by some form of belt. On his feet the man wore animal hide short boots, stitched together with hide and stuffed with grass, probably to keep his feet warm in the snow. On his head the man wore a simple cap of thick fur. Though the iceman discovered in Austria appeared much later than the earliest Cro-Magnon man, the way his clothing was made confirmed the basic techniques and materials of early clothing. The ravages of time have destroyed most direct evidence of the clothing of early man, however.
FOR MORE INFORMATION
Corbishley, Mike. What Do We Know about Prehistoric People? New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1994. Fowler, Brenda. Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier. New York: Random House, 2000. Goode, Ruth. People of the Ice Age. New York: Crowell-Collier Press, 1973. Hawkes, Jacquetta. The Atlas of Early Man. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1976.
Kaynak: S. Pendergast, T. Pendergast, S. Hermsen, Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages, Thomson Gale, 2023
(BLOGUMA DESTEK OLMAK İÇİN REKLAMLARI ZİYARET EDERSENİZ SEVİNİRİM)
(I WOULD APPRECIATE IT IF YOU VISIT THE ADS TO SUPPORT)
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